Course:Law3020/2014WT1/Group E/Separation Thesis

=  Separation Thesis: H.L.A. Hart  =

While law and morality may parallel one another, they are not the same thing, as stated in the natural law theory. HLA Hart contends that they are two different systems, but morality can be used to assess whether a law should be followed or not. There is a balancing between law being a legal rule that ought to be followed and the morality of the law. In certain cases, Hart demonstrates that sometimes a law may be completely valid and effective, but too evil or immoral for people to follow. He points to the case of the laws enacted within the Nazi regime as an example of this. Hart develops the idea of the “Rule of Recognition”, which states that for laws to be operative they must be established within a legal system and followed by some people in society for reasons other than that they would be punished for disobeying them. These reasons could be because the law is good, that people would not be serving their own self-interest if they did not follow them, or that they are simply in the habit of always following the rules.

Harts states that for a law to be valid law, it must abide by two sets of rules. The primary rules being that a law should tell us what we can and can’t do. The secondary rules are that there must be rules that govern the system that develops the laws. This, he claims, is law as a ‘rule governed practice’. The laws have ‘ought to’ claims that apply to those in society, which are similar to neutral rules in sport (he compares it to the rules in baseball). These rules develop duties between people, as well as grant them rights in certain situations. The principles of justice established within a rule governed practice are made a part of the law, but can also be subject to change as things change within the system and the surrounding society.

Hart also introduces a term called ‘the penumbra’. To explain this, he begins with the notion that laws have a settled core of meaning, since laws can be expressed in general terms. But the facts of certain cases may not fall within this settled core. It is then considered to be in the penumbra. When judges are looking to decide these penumbra cases, they need to look to the terms of the rule governed practice which establishes their laws. In this way, when they are making their decision and filling in the gaps of the law, they are using the same set of principles used to develop laws in the first place. This removes any possibility of a judge letting their own personal morality or preference affect the judgement.

H.L.A. Hart has some criticisms of both natural law and positivism. In regards to natural law, Hart feels that not all law must be moral, and that even morally neutral or immoral laws can still be valid law. This also lends itself to Hart's criticism of positivism. As stated earlier, Hart states that there are certain times when laws are so immoral they should be disobeyed. As well, he believes that the sovereign is a part of the legal system and therefore should be subject to the law.  

Application to K.L.B. v. B.C.
Hart would look to the rule governed practices to first see how this case should be decided. His idea of rule governed practice develops duties between people, which was what was focused on in this case. The appellant’s were arguing that they were owed a duty of care by the government, through the Protection of Children Act. Hart would have agreed that there was direct negligence, as this duty was established as a rule governed practice. Hart would have also seen the use of the penumbra as this case was quite difficult to grapple with and fell outside the settled core. The settled core being what was owed by the government under the Protection of Children Act. But the circumstances of this case had it fall outside of that, so the judges needed to use the rule governed practice to determine if there was other standards that the government didn’t meet, meanwhile filling in the gaps of the law. Lastly, the rule governed practice was utilized in barring the action under the Limitation Act. The Limitation Act grants a defendant rights against prolonged actions. It also develops a duty between people, in that they need to bring their actions forward as soon as they are able or aware of one, which unfortunately was not the case in K.L.B. I believe Hart would have seen all of this as the application of the rule governed practice to help decide a hard case.  

=  Morality of Law: Lon Fuller  = A major critic of HLA Hart was Lon Fuller who developed his own theory known as the morality of law. Fuller does not hold the same belief as Hart, that law and morality are separate. Instead, he suggests that the two cannot exists without one another, and that morality is a crucial part of the law. He does not believe in there being a settled core of law and disregards the concept of the penumbra.

The legal system must also have an “inner morality” that is coherent, consistent, rational, and easily explainable. Without adhering to an inner morality, a legal system will not be effective in producing order. Fuller argues that the positivist (Hart) definition of morality is never fully laid out, and that their ‘spectre’ of immoral morality ignores the idea of the inner morality of law. It does so by assuming that “evil aims have as much coherence and inner logic as good ones”. Hart continually uses Nazi Germany as an example in his discussion, but Fuller contends that the distinction between good and bad laws will not always be so clear. The positivist theory does not give someone in that situation an explanation of what to do. As for the core and penumbra, Fuller believes that there is no settled core of meaning, but that laws are constantly being interpreted with the purpose of law in mind, and that is what is being used to decide hard cases. Without there being a settled core of meaning, there can be no penumbra.

Fuller also outlines his 8 ways to make law fail. He illustrates these through a narrative called "Rex's Story".   8 ways to make law fail  
 * 1) When decisions are ad hoc – arbitrary and random
 * 2) Where rules are not public, knowable
 * 3) The abuse of retroactive legislation
 * 4) Where rules are not understandable
 * 5) Where rules are contradictory
 * 6) Where rules cannot be obeyed (obeying them beyond person’s ability)
 * 7) Very frequent changing of rules (so person cannot orient their behaviour by them)
 * 8) Disjunction between rules as rules and rules as actually administered by judges

Application to K.L.B. v. B.C.
I believe Fuller would look at the balancing between the majority’s ruling that the government was liable for direct negligence against the plaintiffs and the Limitation’s Act as an interpretation of the purpose of a law. On the one hand there was the Protection of Children Act (1960) that imposed a high level of duty and held the government to be responsible for harm endured by foster children. On the other hand, there was the Limitation Act that tries to prevent long outstanding claims from being brought against defendants. Fuller would have seen the decision to statute bar the appellant’s claim as being the purpose of the Limitation Act outweighing the other law. Also, he would have viewed the application of the Limitation Act as following with the inner morality of law, as it needs to be consistent and explainable, which would not have been the case if the ruling would have disregarded the Limitation Act.